Human Resources Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resources Management - Research Paper Example These conventional incentives are inexpensive to the company and yet the result in increased loyalty, engagement, and willingness to do more than what is expected of them. Additional data suggests that a mix of flexibility, recognition, and allowed breaks during working hours as the leading nonmonetary motivators among employees. Top-tier employees want to work in companies that allow for reduced hours, staggered hours, and remote work arrangements. Regular appreciation of accomplishments is a very effective nonfinancial incentive. Employees who feel appreciated for their accomplishments and efforts at work create huge returns for the company as a result of the recognition. Additionally, allowing employees to take short breaks in-between work has been shown to increase productivity at work. The result of nonmonetary incentives is increased employee satisfaction and performance, while maintaining low costs for the company. One observer argues that external equity should always be the primary concern in compensation, noting that it attracts the best employees and prevents the top performers from leaving. Do you agree? The effectiveness of external equity in enticing and retaining top-tier employees is somewhat questionable. This is because the wage rate is determined by the labor rates in external markets. Since there is no uniformity in the demand and supply of labor across the board, no single labor market exists for the same job. This makes assessment of fair compensation difficult as over narrowing of the market can lead to overcompensation of the employees. On the other hand, over broadening the market definition may lead to low wages being set by the company, which may not be enough to appeal to and retain top performing employees. How can a pay-for-performance system increase the motivation of individual employees and improve cooperation at the same time? In order to improve employee motivation and cooperation, companies should evaluate whether the employe es have control over their performance, and if there exists a relationship between the performance of the employee and the effort put it. The company must implement a suitable performance measure that takes into account that job effectiveness can include several aspects not captured by the produced units, sales revenue, or cost. In most cases, employee cooperation influences organizational effectiveness. In a bid to increase motivation, a company may choose to indirectly tie all or some part of an employee’s salary to their performance. Alternatively, to promote team work, the company may link some incentives to group performance, and/or it could opt for a productivity or profit sharing plan across the board. Plans based on sharing the gains of a company thrive in situations where there is a participation climate in the organization. Here, employees are involved in making decisions that increase the performance of the company resulting in a companywide bonus. List and discuss three ways the HR department can contribute to positive employee relations in a company. i. Equity – employees want parity and the HR department should ensure that all employees feel respected in their capacity in the company. They should ensure fair treatment in areas concerning salaries, job security, and the benefits being issued by the company. ii. Achievement – the HR department

Group Assignment Essay Example for Free

Group Assignment Essay A group is a collection of three or more people who interact and attempt to influence each other in order to accomplish a common purpose. The purpose of a group or team may range from preparing a new advertising campaign, to sharing information informally, to making important decisions, to fulfilling social needs, or just coming up with a solution to help a friend in need. Groups are a fundamental structure for accomplishing a wide variety of human tasks. I love working in groups because they give you a chance to work together with new personalities and new, refreshing ideas. The only time I dont like working in groups is when there are people who aren’t willing to put the effort they could and posses, into the work assigned. During our last two classes we were separated into groups of six and given different topics which we were supposed to come up with solutions for. For the most part my group worked very well together on the first topic. We had great communication, and everyone was able to share their opinion on the matter. I believe that our group showed all of the characteristics of a healthy group, and if I had to do future group work I would most definitely choose to work with that group again. We showed interdependence which is the relation between two or more people and how their relationship directly affects the other. First, we started off by explaining the topic to the group again, than we each took turns going around in the circle and explaining how we each felt about the subject. After each person was done, the group took turns asking that person about questions about their view of the subject trying to take in everybody else’s opinions as well as our own and taking them into consideration instead of just throwing out someone else’s idea. I believe we all held each other accountable as well; making sure that everyone was conforming to the group’s norms and working together towards the group goal. No one interrupted anyone else. We made sure that everyone had a chance to speak their mind without being criticized or looked down upon because of the way they were thinking. We took everyone else’s thoughts and put them together to come up with what we believed to be a good solution for the topic that we were given. I was in a group with Sonny and I believe that he took the leadership role within the group. He was the most vocal, and the person who got others to speak their minds. I also think that my role within the group was that of a supporter. I was encouraging different members of our group whether their ideas were accepted by the group, or dismissed. I have always been afraid or nervous of working in groups during class because I usually don’t know any of people in my group, but working in a group with unfamiliar people is better because none of those people have a bias opinion about you. You can speak your mind without having to hear somebody else criticize your opinions or thoughts. In conclusion, I believe working in groups is an easy and efficient way to come up with well thought out, plausible solutions for many different situations that you might not be able to come up with on your own or with just one other person. These past two days have given me a more broad understanding of groups, and how to participate in one.

Harmful Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes Essay -- Informative Essays Nico

Harmful Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes Mentioned Photos Not Included There are numerous effects of smoking Cigarettes that affect the individual. They can affect not only your health but also your social and family life. It can also affect the non-smoker around you. Non-smokers suffer from allergies, noise and eye irritations and headaches as a result of inhaling second hand smoke. Smoking while you're pregnant can result to the growth of the foetus and may even result in the death of the baby. Below are some long term and short term effects of smoking. Cigarette smoke contains around 4,000 chemicals, many of which are known to be highly poisonous and very harmful - over 40 are known to cause cancer. The chemicals found in a cigarette include; ? Benzene, a gasoline additive found in paints, paint thinners, adhesives and plastics. You can be exposed to benzene fumes while pumping gas. ? Asbestos, It is found in acoustic ceiling tiles, floor tiles, textured paint, exterior siding and appliances. Asbestos is only dangerous when its fibers become loose or when the material crumbles, which causes small particles to be set free and inhaled. Once inhaled, the microscopic fibers remain in the body forever. Asbestos can cause lung and bowel cancer, mesothelioma, asbestosis and other lung diseases. The risk of disease is believed to increase with smoking. ? Vinyl chloride and its derivative polyvinyl chloride (PVC). These plastic resins found in many products, including pipes, hoses, flooring, windows and credit cards. The greatest risk is to workers in these industries who manufacture and handle these products daily. High levels also are found in the materials used in the interiors of new cars, making that "new-car smell" potentially dangerous. ? Pesticides. While pesticide levels in foods are relatively harmless, pesticides used in your home or on your lawn may be dangerous because of the large quantities used. In some studies, farmers with high exposure to pesticides were found to have a higher risk of several different cancers, including leukemia. ? Formaldehyde. This can be a component of many products including cosmetics, paper, textiles and drugs. Formaldehyde initially was found to cause nasal cancer in rats. Since then, there has been considerable controversy as to the role of formaldehyde in causing cancer in humans. ? Other ch... ...ia. Growing tobacco is a way for these countries to make much needed money. Many poorer countries use wood to dry tobacco and have to cut down many trees to do this. In countries where wood is used for cooking and heating then if it is also used to dry tobacco, there is less for the people to use to cook their food and heat their homes. Tobacco companies encourage many local farmers in the poorer countries to grow tobacco instead of food even when there are food shortages. This can mean less food available for the local community. Tobacco plants take more nutrients from the soil than many other crops and because of this the land is made less fit for growing food. Cutting down Forests Cigarettes are wrapped in paper and are sold in packets. They use large amounts of paper and therefore a lot of trees. Cutting down trees is one of the biggest threats to our environment. Tree roots bind the soil together. The leaves draw moisture into the air. When the trees are cut down, rainfall is reduced and erosion of the soil is increased. This can leave a bare landscape where nothing useful can be grown. Land which might have been used for food crops may be useless.

Ielts Handbook Essay

Introduction This Handbook gives an overview of IELTS for teachers, administrators and other users, including staff in receiving organisations such as universities, professional registration boards and employers. It outlines the key features and administrative procedures for IELTS. The Handbook does not include complete samples of the test components; these are given in the Official IELTS Practice Materials pack, which can be bought from IELTS test centres, or from Cambridge ESOL or IDP: IELTS Australia (see page 20). Additional information is given on the IELTS website www.ielts.org Academic and General Training IELTS is available in two formats – Academic and General Training. The Academic Reading and Writing tests assess whether a candidate is ready to study or train in the medium of English at an undergraduate or postgraduate level. Admission to undergraduate and postgraduate courses is based on the results of these tests. The General Training Reading and Writing tests are not designed to test the full range of formal language skills required for academic purposes, but emphasise basic survival skills in a broad social and educational context. General Training is suitable for candidates who are going to English-speaking countries to complete their secondary education, to undertake work experience or training programmes not at degree level, or for immigration purposes to Australia, Canada and New Zealand. It is the responsibility of the candidate to inform the test centre whether they wish to take the Academic or General Training Modules. Centres are not responsible for providing this information. The General Training Module is not offered at all test administrations. What is IELTS? IELTS, the International English Language Testing System, is designed to assess the language ability of candidates who need to study or work where English is the language of communication. IELTS is jointly managed by the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL), British Council and IDP: IELTS Australia. IELTS conforms to the highest international standards of language assessment. It covers the four language skills – listening, reading, writing and speaking. IELTS is recognised by  universities and employers in many countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the USA. It is also recognised by professional bodies, immigration authorities and other government agencies. IELTS is not recommended for candidates under the age of 16. Test Administration IELTS tests are administered at centres throughout the world – there are currently over 300 centres operating in more than 100 countries. Centres supervise the local administration of the test and ensure the provision of qualified and trained examiners. A full list of centres is available on the IELTS website. Test centres run regular test administrations, according to local need and results are available within two weeks. Candidates receive only one copy of their results but additional copies may be sent by the test centre directly to receiving organisations at the request of the candidate. There are no restrictions on candidates re-taking the test. Test Format Candidates are tested in listening, reading, writing and speaking. All candidates take the same Listening and Speaking tests. There is a choice between Academic and General Training in the Reading and Writing tests. The tests are designed to cover the full range of ability from non-user to expert user. The first three tests – Listening, Reading and Writing – must be completed in one day. There is no break between the tests. The Speaking test may be taken, at the discretion of the test centre, in the period seven days before or after the other tests. A computerised version of IELTS Listening, Reading and Writing tests (CB IELTS) is available at selected centres, but all centres will continue to offer paper-based IELTS and candidates will be given the choice of the medium in which they wish to take the test. Listening Time: approximately 30 minutes Candidates listen to a number of recorded texts. These include a mixture of monologues and conversations and feature a variety of English accents. The recording is heard only once, and candidates are given time to read the questions and write down their answers. Academic Reading Time: 60 minutes There are three reading passages with tasks. Texts are taken from books, magazines, journals and newspapers, all written for a non-specialist audience. At least one of the texts contains a detailed argument. General Training Reading Time: 60 minutes The texts are based on the type of material candidates would be expected to encounter on a daily basis in an English-speaking country. They are taken from sources such as newspapers, advertisements, instruction manuals and books, and test the candidate’s ability to understand and use information. The test includes one longer text, which is descriptive rather than argumentative. Preparing for the Test It is not necessary to attend an IELTS preparation course though it is, of course, a good idea to prepare thoroughly for the test. An order form is given at the end of this Handbook for an Official IELTS Practice Materials pack. This includes a full practice test with an answer key and a CD of the Listening test and sample Speaking tests, so that candidates can get some idea of their level and familiarise themselves with the format of the test. There is also a wide range of published preparation materials. Academic Writing Time: 60 minutes The first task requires candidates to write a description of at least 150 words. This is based on material found in a chart, table, graph or diagram and demonstrates their ability to present information and to summarise the main features of the input. For the second task, candidates write a short essay of at least 250 words in response to a statement or question. They are expected to demonstrate an ability to present a position,  construct an argument and discuss abstract issues. General Training Writing Time: 60 minutes The first task requires candidates to write a letter of at least 150 words either asking for information, or explaining a situation. For the second task, candidates write a short essay of at least 250 words in response to a statement or question. They are expected to demonstrate an ability to present a position, construct an argument and discuss issues. Speaking Time: 11–14 minutes The test is a face-to-face interview. Candidates are assessed on their use of spoken English to answer short questions, to speak at length on a familiar topic, and also to interact with the examiner. IELTS Test Results Marking is carried out at the test centre by trained examiners whose work is closely monitored. This ensures that test results are available without any administrative delay. Results are standardised and usually available within two weeks of the test, and Test Report Forms are sent to the candidates and to the sponsor(s)/receiving institution(s). Test centres are not permitted to give results over the phone, or by fax or email. The completed Test Report Form bears a centre stamp, a validation stamp, the candidate’s photograph and the authorised centre representative’s signature. The authenticity of any Test Report Form can be verified by means of the Test Report Form Verification Service located at https://ielts.ucles.org.uk British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and Cambridge ESOL reserve the right to cancel any Test Report Form in the event of any attempt to tamper with or misuse the information contained in it. Test Scores IELTS provides a profile of a candidate’s ability to use English. Candidates  receive scores on a Band Scale from 1 to 9. A score is reported for each test component. The individual test scores are then averaged and rounded to produce an Overall Band Score according to a confidential Band Score conversion table. Overall Band Scores and individual test scores are reported in whole and half bands. Test Report Form An example of the Test Report Form is shown on the right. Each test is reported separately as a Band Score, together with an Overall Band Score. A descriptive statement giving a summary of the English of a candidate classified at each band level is provided below and is included on the reverse of the Test Report Form. Has fully operational command of the language: appropriate, accurate and fluent with complete understanding. Has fully operational command of the language with only occasional unsystematic inaccuracies and inappropriacies. Misunderstandings may occur in unfamiliar situations. Handles complex detailed argumentation well. Has operational command of the language, though with occasional inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings in some situations. Generally handles complex language well and understands detailed reasoning. Has generally effective command of the language despite some inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings. Can use and understand fairly complex language, particularly in familiar situations. Has partial command of the language, coping with overall meaning in most situations, though is likely to make many mistakes. Should be able to handle basic communication in own field. Basic competence is limited to familiar situations. Has frequent problems in understanding and expression. Is not able to use complex language. Conveys and understands only general meaning in very familiar situations. Frequent breakdowns in communication occur. No real communication is possible except for the most basic information using isolated words or short formulae in familiar situations and to meet  immediate needs. Has great difficulty understanding spoken and written English. Essentially has no ability to use the language beyond possibly a few isolated words. No assessable information provided.

Internship Report Onroyal Cement Limited Essay

I would like to thank my Faculty Advisor Roushan Ara Sultana for giving me the opportunity to work with her during my period of internship. I have been able to compile and complete this report in a comprehensive manner due to the guidance, support and counseling that he has provided me with during this period. I have tried my best to implement her constructive suggestions while doing my report. I would also like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the help provided to me by some. My sincere gratitude goes to Mr. Forman Uddin Chowdhury; Director of personals of the company Operations and to Mr. Md Moonsur Ali; Assistant General Manager; Marketing, Sales & Distribution for giving me time from their busy schedule, providing me with information that was required to complete the report, and for guiding me properly throughout the period of my internship. I would also like to thank all the employees of Royal Cement Limited who has supported me and co-operated with me during my internship period. Finally, my sincere thanks go to each and everyone who has helped and supported me significantly in different stages during the period of my internship. Page | 2 University of Science and Technology Chittagong Executive Summary Royal Cement Limited, one of the leading & largest cement industries in Bangladesh emerged in 2001. The company is well known for producing quality cement at a low price. The head office and the commercial building of Royal Cement Limited are located in Kabir Manzil, Sheikh Mujib road, Agrabad, Chittagong-4100. The other office of Royal Cement Limited is located in Dhaka and their production house in Joramtal, Barakumira, Sitakunda in Chittagong. The team consists of two leading companies of Bangladesh, which are Kabir Steel Group & BSA Group.

Paper Towels on Trial essays

Paper Towels on Trial essays Paper Towels On Trial Have you ever wondered what the best brand of paper towels is? Or what "the best" actually means? Well, our group adventured out to find "the best" paper towel! We tested seven different brands of paper towels. We did 3 different controlled experiments to collect data. The data will help to determine the best paper towel out of the seven brands we tested. The brands we tested were: Bounty, Scott, Viva, Home Best, Strong n' Thirsty, Good Day, and Green Forest. The materials we used for our controlled experiments included: a tub(to hold water), a dropper(for the absorbency test), a cup, seven brands of paper towels, a few flasks, a triple beam balance scale, water, our chart(to record the data), our hands(for the absorbancy test), and our groups table. Here are the tests, and our steps we used to obtain the data. 1. Two people hold the paper towel tightly about 6 inches above the table. 2. One person cups their hands underneath the center of the paper towel. 3. One person drops the water onto the paper towel with the dropper. 4. The person dropping water counts how many drops it takes before it drops throught the paper towels. 1. One person soaks a paper towel in water. 2. Another person times, with a watch, the time it takes for the paper towel to rip. 3. One person rubs the paper towel back and forth on the table with their fingertips until it rips. 1. Set the water tub on the table with a little bit of water in it. 2. Two people hold a soaked paper towel tightly over the tub. 3. One person gently sets a flask on top of the paper towel. They fill the flask with water until the paper towel breaks. 4. When it breaks, someone goes and weighs the flask, and we record the weight for the strength test. There was more than one brand that won in the absorbancy test. They were Sc ...

Stages of Sleep essays

Stages of Sleep essays Psychology has described sleep as periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness. Over a period of time our bodies fluctuate and so does our mind. These physiological fluctuations are called biological rhythms. These rhythms are controlled by our biological clock, or circadian rhythm. Around every 90-100 minutes we go through a series of sleep stages called cycles. When you slip into sleep you do not know you are sleeping until you wake up. Sleeping is marked by slow breathing and irregular brain waves. We slip into Stage 1 of sleep, which lasts up to 5 minutes and may produce images. Sometimes these images resemble hallucinations-sensory experiences which occur with out sensory stimulus. You may feel as though you are falling or floating. These hypnologic sensations later may be incorporated into memories. As you relax deeper you begin about 20 minutes of Stage 2 sleep, which is marked by periodic appearances of sleep spindles-which are bursts of fast, rhythmic brain wave activity. You can still be awakened with out much difficulty during Stage 2 of sleep, but you are definitely asleep. Sleep talking may occur during this and other sleep stages. After Stage 2 you move for a few moments into a transitional Stage 3 sleep, then into a deep sleep or Stage 4. During Stage 3 and more so during Stage 4 your brain releases large slow delta waves. Together these stages are called slow-wave sleep. Delta waves last for around 30 minutes, while which it becomes harder to wake you up. Even while you are in deep sleep your brain processes certain stimuli. For example you can move about your bed with out falling out. About an hour after you first fall asleep instead of continuing in deep sleep you rise back up from your initial dive. You return to Stage 3 and Stage 2 (where about half of your night is spent) then you enter REM sleep. REM sleep is a recurring stage of sleep during which d ...

45 Idioms About the Number One

45 Idioms About the Number One 45 Idioms About the Number One 45 Idioms About the Number One By Mark Nichol English is replete with idiomatic expressions featuring numerical values, including dozens pertaining to the number one alone. Here’s a list of most (if not all) of the idioms in the latter category. 1. all in one breath: said of something spoken excitedly without pause 2. all in one piece: safely 3. all rolled up in one: combined 4. all-in-one: with all required features 5. as one: as if a group were one entity 6. at one with: in agreement or solidarity with another 7: do (someone) one better: do something that is an improvement on what someone else has done 8. for one thing: said to introduce one of two or more reasons (though the phrase might follow the statement) 9. for one: a qualifier expressing that someone represents an example 10. hole in one: said of a significant achievement, in reference to achieving a goal in golf with a single hit of the ball 11. if it’s not one thing: part of a saying (with the rest, â€Å"it’s another (thing)† often not said but implied) expressed when one is exasperated by the latest in a series of inconveniences 12. in one ear and out the other: said of advice or information that is not heeded or retained 13. in one fell swoop: all at once or within a short period 14. it’s been one of those days: said when multiple things have gone wrong in succession 15. it’s just one of those things: said of something unfortunate that must be accepted 16–17. look after/take care of number one: said in reference to focusing on one’s own safety or concerns over that of others 18. not one iota: not even a bit 19. number one: oneself (see â€Å"look after number one†) 20. on the one hand: from one point of view (sometimes paired with â€Å"on the other hand†) 21. one and all: everyone 22. one for the (record) books: said of a significant achievement 23. one good turn deserves another: an expression about the importance of reciprocity 24. one-hit wonder: an artist who achieves only one commercial success 25–26. one heck/hell of a (something): a reference to someone being markedly bad or good at something 27. one in a million: rare or unique, often said about someone with a distinctive quality 28–29. one jump/step ahead: said of someone who anticipates or innovates 30. one man’s meat is another man’s poison: something one person likes may not be suitable for another person 31. one-night stand: an activity or encounter that lasts only one night 32. one-note: said of something lacking variety 33. one of a kind: unique 34. one of the boys: someone accepted into or part of a group 35. one of these days: said of an expected event that will occur someday or soon; also, sometimes expressed as a threat, with the consequence implied but not stated 36. one of those things: said of something unwelcome but inevitable 37. one person’s trash is another person’s treasure: something of no value to one person may be valuable to another 38. one that got away: a missed opportunity 39. one-track mind: said of someone with a single-minded focus 40. one-trick pony: someone or something with only one distinguishing feature, skill, or talent 41. one up on: said of having an advantage over someone 42. one way or another: somehow 43. square one: the starting point of developing something or solving a problem (often in the phrase â€Å"back to square one†) 44. the one and only: said of something unique 45. there is more than one way to skin a cat: more than one procedure will work or more than one solution is available Other number-oriented idioms, including those that mention the number one but in which the focus is on another number, such as â€Å"Two heads are better than one,† will follow in a later post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)Time Words: Era, Epoch, and EonLetter Writing 101

MLT1 Task 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MLT1 Task 8 - Essay Example For cell in isotonic solution, the rate of water inflow into the cell and out flow equalizes. Sodium chloride solution of 0.9 is isotonic to animal cell. On the other hand, hypotonic is a term used to describe a solution with more water and less solutes compared to that that of a cell or another solution (Excerpta medica foundation, 2007). When a cell is in hypotonic solution, water moves into the cell. Finally, hypertonic refers to a solution with more solutes and less water compared to that of a cell or another solution. Staphylococcus epidermis exhibits less or no growth in a solution of sodium chloride of 1%. In solution of 7% and 15% staphylococcus epidermis increased in number and in size. At 1% solution of sodium chloride saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibited growth and reproduction. While at 7% and 15% they died because they could not withstand the osmotic pressure created. This shows that staphylococcus epidermis is highly resistant at high concentration of Sodium chloride and low resistance at low concentration of sodium chloride. On the other hand, saccharomyces cerevisiae are less resistant to high concentration of sodium chloride (excerpta medica foundation,

Management Theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Theories - Research Paper Example This led him to believe that in order to increase productivity; employees who reached their targets ought to receive more salary than those who did not. However, he had overlooked the fact that different people tend to have different behaviors and money cannot be the sole motivator of all employees (Flores & Utley, 2000). In addition, Taylor viewed employees as machines th can follow a certain standardized means of production. However, it has to be noted that employees, even the unskilled cannot follow the same processes at all times because they become demoralized by doing repetitive tasks. This implies that forcing employees to do what their managers say do not increase productivity because an employee will slow down his or her work rate if she or he feels that micromanagement is being used on him or her (Flores & Utley, 2000). Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management Taylorism or Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management is the analysis and synthesis of workflow in ma nagement. The most important point of the theory was to increase labor productivity and as a result, achieve better economic efficiency. Development of the idea was started in the 1880s and 1890s by Taylor when he realized the importance of applying science in the production industry. While working as a supervisor and a lathe operator in Midvale Steel, he realized that several employees had different capacities of production. This arose from the fact that different employees had different levels of intelligence, talents and motivations. He was among the first people to apply science into the field of production because he wanted to analyze and synthesize the best practices that could lead to a standardized process (Taylor 1911). The best practices would be propagated to all employees in any organization in order to ensure that they were all committed to their work. This would lead to increased productivity and reduced efforts because of using precise procedures, which would be devel oped after studying each individual carefully while working. The application of scientific management in industries resulted in increased ratio between managers and the laborers. It is of paramount importance to note that many laborers could not differentiate between micromanagement and this type of management. This, in turn resulted in frictions between workers and their seniors in the office. Strikes started to occur in industries because laborers felt that they were mistreated by the managers (Taylor 1911). Frederick Winslow Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor was an American mechanical engineer who was born on 20 March 1856 and died on 21 March 1915. While at Midvale, Taylor realized that workers were not utilizing their potentials as well as the machines they were working with to their full potential. Due to the less productivity of the workers, Midvale Steel was accruing high production costs, which could have been reduced by increasing productivity. When he was promoted to the le vel of a foreman, his focus was ensuring that workers utilized their potentials. He later left Midvale and opened his own consulting firm, which earned him enormous experience in management (Papesh, 1998). Frederick Winslow Taylor Main Theory As Taylor was developing his ideas, he made three assumptions about people at the workplace. He believed that employees are economic animals whose main aim at the workplace is to maximize their earnings. In addition, he thought that employees should

Small Group Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Small Group Project - Essay Example The Ethics Review Committee under the chairmanship of the Compliance Officer is responsible for setting these ethical standards. After review of existing codes of conduct and related laws and regulations, the following codes of conduct applies to all management and employees of ECG, and are accountable for complying with this code of conduct: Adherence to applicable laws and regulations All employees in all ranks of the company must adhere to the legal requirements of the American government and countries that ECG conducts business. They must also adhere to the regulations of local authorities and commands that affect the company or its line of business. The laws and regulations that affect ECG are many; therefore, the company will provide guidelines on certain laws. The Compliance Officer will be available to answer any questions pertaining all laws that can affect the firm or its operations (Bacher, 2007). Conflict of interest This results when personal interests of employees and d irectors clash in any way with the interests of the firm. Despite having the right to engage in personal investments, enjoy private relationships and maintain normal business courteousness, employees, and management of ECG must not engage in activities or interests that may hinder their job responsibilities. Conflict of interest may also result when a member of staff pursues interests and actions that may negatively influence their performance. According to Hansen (2010), conflict of interest may also result when an employee, director or family members receive inappropriate gifts or benefits due to their relationship with the firm, whether the gain is from the firm or a client. Examples of conflict of interest are credit, guarantees for credit to employees and members of their families. Federal laws criminalize loans to executives and top management (Hansen, 2010). Working concurrently for a competitor, supplier or client amounts to a conflict of interest. Despite the fact that it i s not always easy to determine a conflict of interest, it is the firm’s policy to forbid such conflicts whenever feasible. Conflicts of interests may not be obvious in all circumstances; therefore, employees are advised to consult with the compliance officer whenever questions arise. Privacy All members of staff of all ranks at ECG must ensure the discretion of information entrusted to them by the firm, its clients, or suppliers except when admission is demanded by the firm, or required by laws and regulations or a court order. Classified information includes, but not confined to non-public information that may be utilized by opponents or injurious to the firm or its clients when revealed. Whenever possible, all members of staff must seek the guidance of the Compliance Officer if they believe that they have a lawful responsibility to divulge private information. Fair dealing Every member of staff in the company must strive to transact in a fair manner with the firm’s c lients, colleagues, and business competitors. No one should take undue advantage of the other through manipulation, misuse of privileged information, suppression, falsification of true facts and blackmail among other acts of unfair practice. Abusing trade secret information that was retrieved without owner’

Anger, Aggression and communication Research Paper

Anger, Aggression and communication - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that frustration has been linked to anger when an obstruction of motivationally relevant goals has been observed. In order for angry affect to occur the situation must be understood and personally important. In other words, there must be a goal that is blocked and others may be blamed. In many circumstances, the blockage of this personally relevant goal can be viewed as either legitimate or illegitimate (unfair). Weiss, Suckow, and Cropanzano investigated the effect of unfairness of a particular outcome on reported levels of anger. As the amount of unfairness increased so did the level of anger. It is important to maintain the distinct difference between anger and aggression. Anger is an affect, an emotion, while aggression is a destructive or hostile behavior. Frustration has been studied with aggression as well as with anger. Dollard et al. were some of the first researchers to investigate the effects of frustration on aggression. They foun d that the obstruction of an expected reward created increased levels of aggression. More recently Leonard Berkowitz and his colleagues have modified this theory. In general it is accepted that the blockage of some personally relevant goal leads to frustration, which in turn may lead to anger and/or aggression. The type of frustration required to elicit an anger response may not need to be a goal of long standing personal relevance. Roseman investigated appraisals involving emotions and concluded that transient rewards or fleeting punishments can produce anger arousing affect. Obstructions to a goal determined to be purposeful created more anger than situations in which they were deemed accidental, even in temporary situations of reward and punishment. There is evidence indicating that people may become more aggressive in a frustrating situation, specifically, when anger is primed in comparison to fear. Betsch (1999) studied the concept of hostile aggression with university students . Hostile aggression was measured by participants' reactions when confronted with a scenario involving a frustrating event. Either anger or fear related cognitions were activated. Results indicate that in the anger priming condition, hostile goals (i.e. aggression) were more likely to be reported. This suggests that frustration, anger, and aggression are associated. It is assumed that in a frustrating situation, levels of anger will increase. As reported previously, as anger increases so does the amount of aggression displayed. There are other reasons for the onset of anger and in turn aggression. One interesting aspect is the role of communication. Communication Communication is an essential part of human existence, and research suggests that there are innate mechanisms in the development of human

Drinking Water and Sanitation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Drinking Water and Sanitation - Research Paper Example The lack of safe drinking water has led to a number of diseases and deaths, especially among infants. A number of goals have been set over the years with various ten year milestones. These milestones have been beset with various challenges. However, there has been some amount of success. Various strategies including the promotion of breast-feeding to reduce mortality in infants have been used as a means of dealing with the effects of the problem. Introduction Drinking water and sanitation are two important factors in the lives of human beings. Water is required not only to drink but also for personal hygiene, the preparation of meals and to ensure that our surroundings are clean. Some people do not have access to piped water and therefore depend on other sources such as rivers and streams. This water is not treated and in a number of cases is exposed to various factors in the environment. Among these factors are the way we carry out various activities including disposal of industrial and household wastes. In addition to that, there is the problem of inadequate and improper sanitary conveniences which also have implications for the supply of safe water. Over the years a number of goals have been set. However, they have not been fully realized due to various challenges that affect these efforts. Previous Goals and Achievements The period 1981 – 1990 was designated as ‘The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade’ by the United Nations (Cairncross 1992). During that period the aim was to increase the supply of water and hygienic toilets so that more people especially the poor could have access to these necessities (Cairncross 1992). A number of organizations including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank were involved in this effort. Since then the drive for the improvement in the quality of life has continued as some of the targets were not achieved. In fact, Cairncross (1992) points out that a lot more needs to be done in order to facilitate efforts to make safe water and proper sanitation available to all people. Risk of Inadequate Drinking Water and Sanitation The problems that arise from inadequate drinking water and poor sanitation are far greater than the problems of war, terrorist attack and weapons of mass destruction but they receive less attention (Bartram et al, p. 810). The lack of proper sanitation and waste disposal facilities can lead to waterborne diseases including malaria, schistosomiasis and legionellosis (WHO). This is a serious problem as it results in the death of approximately 3900 children everyday and therefore threatens the achievement of the millennium development goals (MDGs) (Bartram et al 2005). The developing countries are more at risk as microbial organisms which cause diseases are normally found in drinking water in these areas (Ashbolt 2004). The situation is worst in places like Africa and Asia where a substantial portion of their people live in condit ions of extreme poverty. Sequelae and mortality are the result as the body becomes less capable of providing immunity against diseases that are endemic (Pond 2005). Diseases associated with the intestines are generally more severe because of the high levels of mal-nutrition as well as the non-existence of strategies in these countries to deal with these types of problems. The traditional methods of filtration and chlorination continue to be used. However, these are not 100% effective as there are some chlorine resistant pathogens (Ashbolt 2004). The Millennium Development Goals According to Bartram et al (2005) 40% of the world population does not have access to a pit latrine and almost 20% do not have access to

Anger, Aggression and communication Research Paper

Anger, Aggression and communication - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that frustration has been linked to anger when an obstruction of motivationally relevant goals has been observed. In order for angry affect to occur the situation must be understood and personally important. In other words, there must be a goal that is blocked and others may be blamed. In many circumstances, the blockage of this personally relevant goal can be viewed as either legitimate or illegitimate (unfair). Weiss, Suckow, and Cropanzano investigated the effect of unfairness of a particular outcome on reported levels of anger. As the amount of unfairness increased so did the level of anger. It is important to maintain the distinct difference between anger and aggression. Anger is an affect, an emotion, while aggression is a destructive or hostile behavior. Frustration has been studied with aggression as well as with anger. Dollard et al. were some of the first researchers to investigate the effects of frustration on aggression. They foun d that the obstruction of an expected reward created increased levels of aggression. More recently Leonard Berkowitz and his colleagues have modified this theory. In general it is accepted that the blockage of some personally relevant goal leads to frustration, which in turn may lead to anger and/or aggression. The type of frustration required to elicit an anger response may not need to be a goal of long standing personal relevance. Roseman investigated appraisals involving emotions and concluded that transient rewards or fleeting punishments can produce anger arousing affect. Obstructions to a goal determined to be purposeful created more anger than situations in which they were deemed accidental, even in temporary situations of reward and punishment. There is evidence indicating that people may become more aggressive in a frustrating situation, specifically, when anger is primed in comparison to fear. Betsch (1999) studied the concept of hostile aggression with university students . Hostile aggression was measured by participants' reactions when confronted with a scenario involving a frustrating event. Either anger or fear related cognitions were activated. Results indicate that in the anger priming condition, hostile goals (i.e. aggression) were more likely to be reported. This suggests that frustration, anger, and aggression are associated. It is assumed that in a frustrating situation, levels of anger will increase. As reported previously, as anger increases so does the amount of aggression displayed. There are other reasons for the onset of anger and in turn aggression. One interesting aspect is the role of communication. Communication Communication is an essential part of human existence, and research suggests that there are innate mechanisms in the development of human

Management of human resource Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management of human resource - Assignment Example This will result to errors in assessment. The last factor could be the changing job circumstances that may shift the goal post that were being used in the assessment (Hosie, 2006). Proper communication of the results and findings is a way that an individual can apply to bride the gap between the expectation and the actual outcome (Hosie, 2006). Another way that can be applied to cover this difference is through problem solving, which will eliminate all forms of errors, and wastages in the operations. Errors contribute to a decrease in performance, and therefore, avoiding them would be worthwhile. A person who is being rated can also work on interpersonal relationships that will foster teamwork and cooperation among the fellow workers (Chingos, 2002). The person assessing the rating should reconcile the difference by promoting the leadership spirit among the workers (Chingos, 2002). This will encourage continuous self-evaluation in the as an employee performs the tasks that are assigned to them, and enjoy more job satisfaction. The person should also acquire a better understanding of the multisource method to avoid ant y possible mistakes. The method that he chooses to use should be relevant to the nature of the business operations (Chingos,

Huntington Theory - Military Professional Essay Example for Free

Huntington Theory Military Professional Essay Scholars like Kaplan, Friedman, Huntington and Barnett have postulated various theories on military service. Samuel P Huntington is one of the scholars who have postulated theories of military service. His theory is also referred to as the normal theory. This paper seeks to show how Huntington’s theory impacts on one’s future in military service. Discussion Owen M (2010) gives credit to Samuel Huntington for his role in developing the normal theory. Owen points out that through this theory Huntington endeavored to solve the dilemma of â€Å"how to guarantee civilian control of the military while still ensuring the ability of the uniformed military to provide security. † Huntington cited in Owen (2010) says the solution to this dilemma lies in â€Å"a mechanism for creating and maintaining a professional, apolitical military establishment, which he called â€Å"objective control. In this regard, Huntington cited in Williams (1995), says the community should have control over the military and army professionals should be denied some of the privileges enjoyed by civilians like political affiliations. Politics is a game of numbers, in my view, this may disadvantage military officers who harbour ambitious of venturing in politics because they are denied involvement in political parties affairs. This impacts negatively on their popularity with the voters. However, there are those candidates such as 2008 republican candidate John McCain who used their experience in the military as a campaign tool to endear themselves to the voters. In my view, professional and experienced military officers make better commander in chief of the armed forces. Additionally, Idsa (2010) concurs with Huntington that one way of achieving civilian control of the military is by ensuring that the funding of the military is left in the hands of the civilian institutions. Idsa points out that civilian institutions should allow the military to advise them on military matters but ultimately the military should only executive those decisions approved by the civilian institutions. In my view this may endanger the lives of military officers. Due to high budgetary needs of a country, military equipment needed in times of war may be sacrificed to meet other needs in another sector of the economy. Huntington theory goes along way in developing responsible and knowledgeable persons. As Idsa (2010) points out military professionals should present their considerations within the appropriate â€Å"channel of authority and communication. † To effectively carry out his/her duties, Huntington as cited in Williams (1995) states that an army officer must be highly expertise, cooperative and responsible in his profession. He meant that an officer must be well knowledgeable in combating violence. Williams (1995) while says that after training the officers should only work with three words â€Å"duty, honor, country. † As a result, Huntington envisaged a military force free of corruption. The officer is expected to be different from other skilled workers in that money should not play any part enticing one to join the forces. However, the army professional should be well rewarded so as to promote hiring, maintain the officers in the force and boost their morale. Williams (1995) says that Huntington argued that a well skilled army professional should be willing to observe the legal requirements made by citizen organizations recognized by law. In addition, the officers should accept to act as subordinates to individuals as required by legalized community organizations. The military officers are expected to hold a high opinion of their career and should not cause civil unrest or run the government. Since the army professionals are recruited with certain levels of qualification, and by the virtue that they belong in the same profession and hold same competencies, the officers tend to exhibit cooperativeness. This supports the statement of Huntington as quoted by Williams (1995) that â€Å"the members of a profession share a sense of organic unity and consciousness of themselves as a group apart from laymen. . This attribute is fostered by their common training which take quite a long duration, collective discipline and sharing of their societal tasks (Williams, 1995). Conclusion In view of the above statements, Huntington theory helps in creating and maintaining cordial relations between the civilians and the military officers. A professional force envisaged in this theory will go along in ensuring peaceful co-existence helps fight vices such as cor ruption and military coups.

Addictive Aspects of a Role Playing Game

Addictive Aspects of a Role Playing Game This dissertation focuses on addictive gameplay mechanics for a role playing game. The primary motivation for the content and structure of this dissertation are based on my personal experiences from playing role playing games and research and analysis I have conducted. In this dissertation we shall discuss various aspects of mechanics in role playing game; we shall also discuss the sub mechanics related to it. What are also worth discussing are the various kinds of role playing games which have existed in the past and how they have developed and evolved RPG genre in modern times. This dissertation shall also discuss the various drawbacks and failures of current gen RPG mechanic and answers to correct those drawbacks Aim To identify various game mechanics in various Role playing games which lead that game to become addictive in nature. Objective The following are the objectives of the dissertation To identify various role playing games To explain the evolution of role playing games To identify and explain various theorems on role playing game To create new mechanics based on research Method Explanation of role playing as a genre in games Explanation of different platforms which use role playing game Explanation of game mechanics and game play Differentiation between turn based, text based, board based and real time based role playing game with respect to game mechanics Explanation of LARPS, GNS, chaos RPG and many more theorems Analysis and creation for new game mechanics and its subsystems Summary of chapters First chapter titled Introduction introduces Role playing game along with a brief history. Here readers will understand what role playing games are and how they are different from other genres. The second chapter titled Different kinds of Platforms will make readers understand how RPG games are seen through different platforms, how platforms greatly affect the scale of role playing games. The third chapter titled Game Mechanics and Gameplay introduces to reader what game mechanics actually means and how it is different from gameplay. The fourth chapter titled Game mechanics for RPG will describe readers various game mechanic rules used by RPG, will also explain popular game theorems and its working principle. This chapter will then further break down to discuss the popular RPGs and what game mechanics made their game addictive. Fifth chapter will discuss in-depth all the addictive game plays and mechanics from the previous chapter. Sixth chapter will show reader of new game mechanic and gameplay created by us and how and where these mechanics can be implemented. Introduction Video games for many years have been considered a way of storytelling. To be put short they are called interactive storytelling. Interactive storytelling means that a person is actively taking part in the continuation of a story by enacting the central character virtually. Now it is not justified to say that all video games are interactive storytellers but there are a lot of genres which hold true to this. Even arcade games like street fighter where the player had only fighting to do have a story to tell. The genre which gave the true meaning to Interactive storytelling has to be Role Playing Game. Role playing games revolve around the one central character which you play and his interaction to the world around him, it is through your decisions and choices that the story progress and the progress is almost never linear. In role playing games or any genre which used its basic mechanics never had a single ending, the game could be finished or story could be ended with different conclus ions by the choices you made. This dissertation will give a brief description on how this genre became the best tool for delivering interactive storytelling, and hence will discuss in depth the core mechanic and function which made it work and made it addictive. What is role playing game A role-playing game (RPG) is a type of game in which the participants assume the roles of characters and collaboratively create stories. Participants determine the actions of their characters based on their characterization, and the actions succeed or fail according to a system of rules and guidelines. Within the rules, they may improvise freely; their choices shape the direction and outcome of the games. Role playing games are broadly categorized into 3 forms based on the platform they serve. They are board games, console games and PC games. History of board based RPG Birth of RPG could be dated to 16th century Europe where traveling teams of players performed a form of improvisational theatre known as the Commedia dellarte. These theatre artist carried with them stock situations, stock characters and improvised dialogue. Helwig, Master of pages and even Duke of Brunswick which all be created as battle emulation games in late 1780 drew great inspiration for Chess. Max Boot author of the book War Made New had stated in his book that the period between 1803 to 1809 saw the Prussian Army developing War games, this war game which was same as chess had additional rules like Dice rolls for random chance of attacks and a neutral referee the score the results. Wargames eventually shifted from professional training to more of a hobby for the general public, this led to the creation of a game called Little Wars from H.G. Wells in 1913. 1970-1990 Dungeons and Dragons was the first commercially sold Role Playing game Published by TSR. Dungeons and Dragons sold around 50,000 copies upon its release which led to establishment of a cult following for BRPG (Board role playing games). Its success also led to the birth of several cottage industries and merchandises. In a period of 2 years other fantasy games appeared which copied almost the entire look and feel of the original DND. Some of the successful clones where Space Opera, Rune Quest and Dragon Rune. In the year 1977 TSR released an advanced Game Rules for its game aptly named Advanced Dungeons and Dragons(ADD), which was later improved and made into a second Edition in 1989. this project led to creation of rule book which cover every detail from finding specific weapon in loot to getting information form NPC(non player controlled character) 1990-2000 Ars Magica released in 1988 was the first game which solely emphasized on characterization and storytelling and had a loose game mechanics and combat system. This game was later bought and led to highly influenced Vampire Masquerade, which led to being a huge success. In the year 1993 Mr. Perter Adkison and Mr. Richard Garfield who were Students of University of Pennsylvania released competitive card collecting game. The theme was based on fantasy role playing and was named Magic the Gathering. 2000-todate The beginning of the year 2000 saw a massive down turn in sales of Game supplements and core books required to play the BRPG. Solution to this problem came through enactment of Open Gaming License by DND owner TSR. They spread the policy of letting other company publish DND compatible games which spread the cost of production and led to higher sales of core book. This new system named D20 system and still enjoys great success. It was during this period which led to birth of Indie Role Playing Game Developers in the internet. This birth was possible mainly due to the fact the existence of print on demand and PDF publishing. History related to Console Role Playing Game Dragonstomper was the first RPG game released on Atari 2600 in 1982. Dragon Quest was also released in this year but was only published for Japanese public, In 1989 the game was released as Dragon Warrior in America and Europe. With the release of Zelda II in 1987 the genre came to its own. Zelda which was released for Famicom Disk System was the earliest action-role playing game. Megami Tensei released for NES was the first to explore the RPG setting Beyond Medial Fantasy Theme. This game also developed the Demonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"summoning system (DSS) which allowed players to recruit enemies. The development of DSS led to creation of games specific to its core game mechanics like Phantasy star and more popular PokÃÆ' ©mon. In the year 1990 Square developed Final Fantasy for NES which developed the Experimental Character creation system that allowed a player to choose his own party and give his characters Job calls. It also created to concept of transportation and weapon upgrade. The console genre of RPG grew leaps and bound in early 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. it is in this period that Dragon Quest introduced a new way of storytelling, the divided the campaign into chapter in which each chapter concentrated in telling the back-story of a single character of your party. This is also the period when birth of fifth generation of console took place. The median was playing games was no longer cartridges but optical disks, this led to RPG having longer and more involved quest. It also led to having better audio and cinematics. In year 2000 Final Fantasy X introduced voice-acting. Final Fantasy XII features full 3D background. COMPUTER ROLE PLAYING GAME Birth of role playing games took place in computers much before it took place in consoles, the first RPG game developed in the year 1975 by a university which was text based in nature and used game mechanics inspired from DND. Popular example of a text based RPG in that period was MUD (multi-user dungeons). In the year 1980 text based RPG named Rouge which featured ASCII graphics and deep system of gameplay popularized RPG for Computer users. The older editions of Ultima and Wizardry which were released in 1983 acted as role models for more popular console RPG. A large amount of its gameplay innovations are still considered standard for current gen RPGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Mid 1980 also was the period of emergence for Action Role Playing games in computers. Dragon slayer Xanadu released in 1985 the first Action Role Playing game. Evolution of Multi -Player Role Playing Game Initially computer role playing game offered its users only single player experience, the popularity and emergence of multiplayer mode came in the year 1996 with the title name Diablo. Diablo contained both RPG and Action game elements and featured Internet multiplayer mode. A player would party together with 3 more players and enter the same world or dungeon and fight enemies, the game also allowed players to fight each other and test their skill. Diablo acted as the founding stone for many developers to create what today is the most popular the highest revenue generating genre in Games and entertainment media.

From Communism to Democracy Essays -- Government Politics Essays

From Communism to Democracy More than half a decade has passed since the sweeping political events of 1989 and 1990 in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. On December 26, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist . In its place are the Russian federation and 14 independent countries. The impact of this change was felt across the globe, from European countries with close economic ties with the USSR to countries as far away as Cuba and Algeria. The former republics experienced the hardest time in their existence, and entered a new period of their history. Independence meant a new life for people, but not many of them expected the results. At the time sovereignty was not clearly stated, and nobody could predict what ramifications would follow. The inhabitants of the region have had to balance the positive and negative aspects of the change. Most countries were left with nothing, and they had to start everything from the very beginning. As Shor in Nations in Transit stated, for many, democracy, freedom of association, and the removal of the Soviet bureaucracy have had a positive impact. But economic uncertainty, hunger, and poverty also increased. The former republics struggle to maintain the value of the money and a decent level of life for the citizens, but the attempt to do so is failing. Many branches of the new economy are still socialized, and reforms are necessary to fulfill a change. People think that a change from communism to democracy should bring a better life, but in reality those countries suffer a period of stagnation. There are many causes for such a situation, which are revealed in different aspects of life and history. The principles of communism p... ...nge, than the reality of raw political power. Economic and democratic reforms are complementary and heavily correlated. Countries with consolidated market economies, guided by the rule of law also made progress in consolidating their transition to democracy. A transition from Communism to Democracy means more freedoms and choices, but it also needs time. Political and economic freedom means more predictable, more transparent, more constitutional, less discriminatory, and less corruption-prone lawmaking and enforcement. An authorian government can hardly engage in economic reforms, or undergo a transition to liberal democracy, without simultaneously undergoing free market economic reforms. Author: Valentin Antoci (ed_valentine@hotmail.com) February 1999 Reproduction of the Text without the author's permition is considered plagiarism and is punishable by law. From Communism to Democracy Essays -- Government Politics Essays From Communism to Democracy More than half a decade has passed since the sweeping political events of 1989 and 1990 in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. On December 26, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist . In its place are the Russian federation and 14 independent countries. The impact of this change was felt across the globe, from European countries with close economic ties with the USSR to countries as far away as Cuba and Algeria. The former republics experienced the hardest time in their existence, and entered a new period of their history. Independence meant a new life for people, but not many of them expected the results. At the time sovereignty was not clearly stated, and nobody could predict what ramifications would follow. The inhabitants of the region have had to balance the positive and negative aspects of the change. Most countries were left with nothing, and they had to start everything from the very beginning. As Shor in Nations in Transit stated, for many, democracy, freedom of association, and the removal of the Soviet bureaucracy have had a positive impact. But economic uncertainty, hunger, and poverty also increased. The former republics struggle to maintain the value of the money and a decent level of life for the citizens, but the attempt to do so is failing. Many branches of the new economy are still socialized, and reforms are necessary to fulfill a change. People think that a change from communism to democracy should bring a better life, but in reality those countries suffer a period of stagnation. There are many causes for such a situation, which are revealed in different aspects of life and history. The principles of communism p... ...nge, than the reality of raw political power. Economic and democratic reforms are complementary and heavily correlated. Countries with consolidated market economies, guided by the rule of law also made progress in consolidating their transition to democracy. A transition from Communism to Democracy means more freedoms and choices, but it also needs time. Political and economic freedom means more predictable, more transparent, more constitutional, less discriminatory, and less corruption-prone lawmaking and enforcement. An authorian government can hardly engage in economic reforms, or undergo a transition to liberal democracy, without simultaneously undergoing free market economic reforms. Author: Valentin Antoci (ed_valentine@hotmail.com) February 1999 Reproduction of the Text without the author's permition is considered plagiarism and is punishable by law.

Automated Monitoring Attendance System Essay

1.1 The problem and its scope In this paper we propose a system that automates the whole process of taking attendance and maintaining its records in an academic institute. Managing people is a difficult task for most of the organizations, and maintaining the attendance record is an important factor in people management. When considering academic institutes, taking the attendance of students on daily basis and maintain the records is a major task. Manually taking the attendance and maintaining it for a long time adds to the difficulty of this task as well as waste a lot of time. For this reason an efficient system is designed. This system takes attendance electronically with the help of a fingerprint sensor and all the records are saved on a computer server. Fingerprint sensors and LCD screens are placed at the entrance of each room. In order to mark the attendance, student has to place his/her thumb on the fingerprint sensor. On identification student’s attendance record is updated in the database and he/she is notified through LCD screen. No need of all the stationary material and special personal for keeping the records. Furthermore an automated system replaces the manual system. 1.2 Introduction Nowadays, industry is experiencing many technological advancement and changes in methods of learning. With the rise of globalization, it is becoming essential to find an easier and more effective system to help an organization or company. In spite of this matter, there are still business establishments and schools that use the old-fashioned way. In a certain way, one thing that is still in manual process is the recording of attendance. After having these issues in mind we develop an Automated Monitoring Attendance System, which automates the whole process of taking attendance and maintaining it, plus it holds an accurate records. Biometric systems have been widely used for the purpose of recognition. These recognition methods refer to automatic recognition of people based on the some specific physiological or behavioral features [1]. There are many biometrics that can be utilized for some specific systems but the key structure of a biometric system is always same [2]. Biometric systems are basically used for one of the two objectives identification [3] or verification [4]. Identification means to find a match between the query biometric sample and the one that is already been stored in database [5]. For example to pass through a restricted area you may have to scan your finger through a biometric device. A new template will be generated that will be then compared with the previously stored templates in database. If match found, then the person will be allowed to pass through that area. On the other hand verification means the process of checking whether a query biometric sample belongs to the claimed identity or not [6]. Some of the most commonly used biometric systems are (i) Iris recognition, (ii) Facial recognition,(iii)Fingerprint identification, (iv) Voice identification, (v) DNA identification, (vi) Hand geometry recognition and (viii)Signature Verification [5].Previously the biometrics techniques were used in many areas such as building security, ATM, credit cards, criminal investigations and passport control [4]. The proposed system uses fingerprint recognition technique [1] for obtaining student’s attendance. Human beings have been using fingerprints for recognition purposes for a very long time [7], because of the simplicity and accuracy of fingerprints. Finger print identification is based on two factors: (i) Persistence: the basic characteristics and features do not change with the time. (ii) Individuality: fingerprint of every person in this world is unique [8]. Modern fingerprint matching techniques were initiated in the late 16th century [9] and have added most in 20th century. Fingerprints are considered one of the most mature biometric technologies and have been widely used in forensic laboratories and identification units [10]. Our proposed system uses fingerprint verification technique to automate the attendance system. It has been proved over the years that fingerprints of each every person are unique [8]. So it helps to uniquely identify the students. 1.3 Theoretical Background For over 100 years, fingerprint has been used to identify people. As one of the biometric identification, fingerprint is the quite the most popular one. Besides getting the print for fingerprint is easy, it doesn’t need a special sophisticated hardware and software to do the identification. In the old times and even until now, fingerprints are usually taken using merely inks and papers (could be one print, ten prints, or latent print). Finger print is unique. There is no case where two fingerprints are found to be exactly identical. During the fingerprint matching process, the ridges of the two fingerprints will be compared. Besides using ridges, some of the identification techniques also use minutiae. In brief, minutiae can be described as point of interest in fingerprints. Many types of minutiae have been defined, such as pore, delta, island, ridge ending, bifurcation, spurs, bridges, crossover, etc, but commonly only two minutiae are used for their stability and robustness (4), which are ridge ending and bifurcation. To help in fingerprint identification, fingerprint classification method is implemented. There are some classification theories applicable in the real world such as The NCIC System (National Crime Information Center) Still used even until now, the NCIC system classifies fingers according to the combination of patterns, ridge counts, whorl tracing. NCIC determines .Fingerprint Classification (FPC) field codes to represent the fingerprint characteristics. The following are the field codes tables: Using NCIC system FPC Field Codes eliminates the need of the fingerprint image and, thus, is very helpful for the need of fingerprint identification for those who do not have access to an AFIS. Instead of relying to the image, NCIC relies more on the finger image information. The Henry and American Classification Systems Henry and American classification systems, although has a lot in common, are actually two different systems developed by two different people. The Henry Classification System (5) was developed by Sir Edward Henry in 1800s; used to record criminals’ fingerprints during Civil War. Henry System used all ten fingerprints with the right thumb denoted number 1, right little left finger denoted number 5, left thumb denoted number 6, and lastly the left little finger denoted number 10. According to Henry System, there were two classifications; the primary and the secondary. In the primary classification, it was a whorl that gives the finger a value. While even numbered fingers were treated as the nominator, odd numbered fingers were treated as denominator. Each finger’s value was equal to the value of the whorl plus one. In the secondary classification, each hand’s index finger would be assigned a special capital letter taken from the pattern types (radial loop (R), tented loop (T), ulnar loop (U), and arch (A)). For other fingers except those two index fingers, they were all assigned with small letter which was also known as small letter group. Furthermore, a sub secondary classification existed; it was the grouping of loops and whorls, which coded the ridge of the loops and ridge tracings of whorls in the index, middle, and ring fingers. The following is the table of Henry System. The American Classification System was developed by Captain James Parke. The difference lies in assigning the primary values, the paper used to file the fingerprint, and the primary values calculation. Filing Systems In this system, all of the fingerprints are stored in cabinets. Each cabinet contains one different classification and, thus, the fingerprint cards are stored accordingly. The existence of AFIS system greatly helps the classification process. There is no need to even store the physical fingerprint cards. AFIS does not need to count the primary values of all those fingers and does not have to be as complicated as NCIC System. With the power of image recognition and classification algorithm, fingerprint identification can be done automatically by comparing the source digital image to the target database containing all saved digital images. Another important issue to know is the fingerprint classification patterns. These patterns are growing with each generation of AFIS and differ from one too to another, searching time and reduced computational complexity. The first known study of fingerprint classification was proposed by in 1823 by Purkinje, which resulted in fingerprint classification down into 9 categories: transverse curve, central longitudinal strain, oblique stripe, oblique loop, almond whorl, spiral whorl, ellipse, circle, and double whorl. Later on, more in depth study was conducted by Francis Galton in 1892, resulted in fingerprint classification down into 3 major classes: arch, loop, and whorl. Ten years later, Edward Henry refined Galton’s experiment, which was later used by many law enforcement agencies worldwide. Many variations of Henry Galton’s classification schemes exists, however there are 5 most common patterns: arch, tented arch, left loop, right loop, and whorl. The following are types of fingerprint classification patterns: Since IDAFIS is another extended form of AFIS, we do not need to implement all other classification systems. What we need to do is to see what kind of classification pattern the algorithm can distinguish. Fingerprint Matching In general, fingerprint matching can be categorized down into three categories: ï‚ · Correlation-based matching: the matching process begins by superimposing (lying over) two fingerprints, and calculating the correlation between both by taking displacement (e.g. translation, rotation) into account. ï‚ · Minutiae – based matching: Minutiae are first extracted from each fingerprint, aligned, and then calculated for their match. ï‚ · Ridge feature – based matching: Ridge patterns are extracted from each fingerprint and compared one with another. The difference with minutiae – based is that instead of extracting minutiae (which is very difficult to do to low – quality fingerprint image); ridge pattern such as local orientation and frequency, ridge shape, and texture information is used. Chapter Two Most of the attendance systems use paper based methods for taking and calculating attendance and this manual method requires paper sheets and a lot of stationery material. Previously a very few work has been done relating to the academic attendance monitoring problem. Some software’s have been designed previously to keep track of attendance [11].But they require manual entry of data by the staff workers. So the problem remains unsolved. Furthermore idea of attendance tracking systems using facial recognition techniques have also been proposed but it requires expensive apparatus still not getting the required accuracy [12]. Automated Monitoring Attendance System is divided into three parts: Hardware/Software Design, Rules for marking attendance and Online Attendance Report. Each of these is explained below. 2 System Description 2 .1 Hardware Required hardware used should be easy to maintain, implement and easily available. Proposed hardware consists following parts: (1) Fingerprint Scanner (2) LCD Screen (3) Computer Fingerprint scanner will be used to input fingerprint of teachers/students into the computer software. LCD display will be displaying rolls of those whose attendance is marked. Computer Software will be interfacing fingerprint scanner and LCD and will be connected to the network. It will input fingerprint, will process it and extract features for matching. After matching, it will update the database attendance records of the students. A fingerprint sensor device along with an LCD screen is placed at the entrance of each classroom. The fingerprint sensor is used to capture the fingerprints of students while LCD screen notifies the student that his/her attendance has been marked. 2 .2 Rules for marking attendance This part explains how students and teacher will use this attendance management system. Following points will make sure that attendance is marked correctly, without any problem: (1) All the hardware will be outside of the classroom. (2) When teacher enters the classroom, the attendance marking will start. Computer software will start the process after inputting fingerprint of the teacher. It will find the Subject ID and current semester using the ID of the teacher or could be set manually on the software. If the teacher doesn’t enter the classroom, attendance marking will not start. (3) After some time, say 15 minutes of this process. The student who login after this time span will be marked as late on the attendance. This time period can be increased or decreased per requirements. 2 .3 Online Attendance Report Database for attendance would be a table having following fields as a combination for primary field: (1) Day, (2) Roll, (3) Subject and following non-primary fields: (1) Attendance, (2) Semester. Using this table, all the attendance can be managed for a student. For online report, a simple website will be made for it. Which will access this table for showing attendance of students .The sq queries will be used for report generation? Following query will give total numbers of classes held in a certain subject. Now the attendance percent can easily be calculated: 2.4 Using wireless network instead of LAN We are using LAN for communication among servers and hard wares in the classroom. We can instead use wireless LAN with portable devices. Portable device will have an embedded fingerprint scanner, wireless connection, a microprocessor loaded with software, memory and a display terminal. Source/References: [1] D. Maltoni, D. Maio, A. K. Jain, S. Prabhaker, â€Å"Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition†, Springer, New York, 2003. [2] A.C. Weaver, â€Å"Biometric authentication†, Computer, 39(2), pp 96 – 97 (2006). [3] J. Ortega – Garcia, J. Bigun, D. Reynolds and J.Gonzalez – Rodriguez, â€Å"Authentication gets personal with biometrics†, Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, 21(2), pp 50 – 62 (2004). [4] Anil K. Jain, Arun Ross and Salil Prabhakar,† An introduction to biometric recognition† , Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on Volume 14, Issue 1, Jan. 2004 Page(s):4 – 20. [5] Fakhreddine Karray, Jamil Abou Saleh, Mo Nours Arab and Milad Alemzadeh, Multi Modal Biometric Systems: A State of the Art Survey † , Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada. [6] Abdulmotaleb El Saddik, Mauricio Orozco, Yednek Asfaw, Shervin Shirmohammadi and Andy Adler â€Å"A Novel Biometric System for Identification and Verification of Haptic Users † , Multimedia Communications Research Laboratory (MCRLab) School of Information Technology and Engineering University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada . [7] H. C. Lee and R. E. Gaensslen, â€Å" Advances in Fingerprint Technology † , Elsevier, New York . [8] Sharath Pankanti, Salil Prabhakar, Anil K. Jain, â€Å" On the Individuality of Fingerprints † , IEEE transaction on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, vol.24, no.8, August 2002. [9] Federal Bureau of Investigation, â€Å" The Science of Fingerprints: Classification and Uses † , U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1984. [10] H. C. Lee and R. E. Gaensslen (eds.), â€Å" Advances in Fingerprint Technology † , Second Edition, CRC Press, New York, 2001. [11] K.G.M.S.K. Jayawardana, T.N. Kadurugamuwa, R .G. Rage and S. Radhakrishnan † , Timesheet: An Attendance Tracking System †, Proceedings of the Peradeniya University Research Sessions, Sri Lanka, Vol.13, Part II, 18th December 2008 . [12] Yohei KAWAGUCHI, Tetsuo SHOJI , Weijane LIN ,Koh KAKUSHO , Michihiko MINOH ,â€Å" Face Recognition – based Lecture Attendance System† , Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University. Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University. [13] Digital Persona, Inc. t720 Bay road Redwood City, CA 94063 USA 5, http://www.digitalpersona.com Table of Contents Chapter One 1.1 The problem and its scope 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Theoretical Background Chapter Two 2.1 Hardware and Software 2.2 Rule for marking attendance 2.3 Online Attendance Report 2.4 Using Wireless network instead of LAN Chapter Three †¦. †¦ Chapter Four 4.1 Summary 4.2 Conclusion and Recommendation 4.3 Bibliography Source/References:

Elderly Sexual Activity And Health Health And Social Care Essay

As Lindau et Al. ( 2003 ) point out, gender involves the forming of a partnership and pertains to the behaviours, attitudes, map and activity of sexually active persons. Sexual activity has been associated with wellness ( Addis, Van Den Eeden and Wassel-Fyr, 2006 ; Laumann, Nicolosi and Glasser, 2005 ) , and complaint and disease might significantly impair sexual wellness ( Schover, 2000 ) . Aged people are receivers of a broad array of devices and medicines which aim at handling jobs of a sexual nature. While the demand for services and medicine pertaining to sexual wellness is increasing, however non much is known about the sexual behaviour of grownups over 65 old ages of age. In the developed states, the chronological age of 65 old ages old is mostly accepted as a cut-off point for categorization of a individual as ‘older ‘ or ‘elderly ‘ . While common definitions of the 3rd age such as this are so practically utilised, there exists no general consensus as to the point in clip when one really becomes old. Normally, the clip in life when one becomes eligible for a pension is adopted as declarative mood of old age. The United Nations do non utilize a standardised standard, but however agrees to 60+ old ages as mentioning to the aged ( WHO, 2010 ) . A definition of ripening is provided by Gorman ( 2000 ) : ripening is a extremely preset biological procedure which eludes human control. At the same clip, ageing is defined in a constructivist universe, where different societies assign different significances to old age. Chronological age is seen as most of import in developed states. The age between 60 and 65 is taken to mean the oncoming of old age. By contrast, in many developing states, age by old ages bears little relationship to the definition of old age. In such states, the significance of old age may depend alternatively on the functions that are been assigned to older people, or even on the loss of previously-held functions, which may come as a consequence of natural physical diminution. In amount, while the developed universe defines old age in a mode extremely chronological, the same is frequently non true for developing states, where people start to be perceived as elderly when their active function engagement is no long er possible ( Gorman, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to a definition by the World Health Organization ( 2001 ) , gender is â€Å" a natural portion of human development through every stage of life and includes physical, psychological, and societal constituents † ( p. 13 ) . Another definition of gender provided by Rheaume and Mitty ( 2008 ) states that gender is a â€Å" nucleus dimension of life that incorporates impressions, beliefs, facts, phantasies, rites, attitudes, values, and rights with respect to gender individuality and function, sexual Acts of the Apostless and orientation, and facets of pleasance, familiarity, and reproduction † and involves biological, psychological, societal, economic, spiritual, religious and cultural constituents ( p. 342 ) . Health is defined as â€Å" a province of complete physical, mental and societal wellbeing and non simply the absence of disease or frailty † ( WHO, 2001, p. 8 ) . In bend, sexual wellness â€Å" implies a positive attack to human gender and is hence an indispensable constituent of generative wellness. It includes the integrating of bodily, emotional, rational, and societal facets of an person in ways which positively enrich and enhance personality, communicating, love and human relationships † ( p. 13 ) . Sexual wellness, non unlike physical wellness, is viewed as a province of wellbeing where there is an outlook of enjoyable experiences without the invasion of negative feelings such as shame, fright, force per unit area or force. In maintaining with this definition, Calamidas ( 1997 ) suggests that place or assisted-living nurses can play a important function in the quality of aged people ‘s life through assisting them attain and continue a positive mentality to ward the look of their single gender. Historically, a big proportion of today ‘s aged people grew up and lived during a clip when societal norms were both conservative and gender-biased. Broadly talking, sexual intercourse was considered as a enjoyable experience chiefly for the work forces while adult females were thereby expected to sexually fulfill their hubbies and to do babes ( Hajjar and Kamel, 2003 ) . Peoples that today are over 70 old ages old may hold really ‘missed ‘ the sexual revolution of the sixtiess in the context and societal conditions under which it took topographic point, since they were already married and engrossed in their work and household life. This interesting analysis by Hajjar and Kamel ( 2003 ) returns to reason that the challenges to familiarity and gender faced by that age group may be partially due to the acceptance of a instead conservative set of values and beliefs about gender, a limited handiness and entree to knowledge on gender, and a deficiency of experiencing com fy with their gender. Rheaume and Mitty ( 2008 ) suggest that nowadays the traditional stereotypes sing ripening, familiarity and gender are being reexamined ; that is, the point of position is promoted that a desire for familiarity and for sexual contact does non hold to discontinue at any point during the life-time. Knowledge on the sexual activity of the aged people nevertheless is far from complete, particularly within a cross-cultural context every bit good as with mention to educational and fiscal position. In this visible radiation, the generalizability of research findings in this country is instead hindered. Oftentimes, this means that wellness professionals may be left â€Å" slightly in the dark † refering the wants and demands of older grownups as to their gender ( Rheaume and Mitty, 2008, p. 342 ) .Sex of the AgedThe National Social Life, Health and Aging Project ( NSHAP ) has taken up the undertaking of garnering informations on the sexual activity, behaviours and jobs of aged people ( Lindau et al. , 2007 ) . The findings of the national American sample of NSHAP show that while sexual activity tends to diminish with age, most older grownups continue to bask intimate marital or other relationships, every bit good as see their gender an of import facet of life. The bulk of persons aged 57 to 85 old ages old, and about one in three of persons aged between 75 85 old ages old were active sexually. Even in their 80s or 90s, the aged may pattern sex and/or onanism ( Lindau et al. , 2007 ) . There is grounds to propose that some work forces and adult females retain their sexual desire and partnership during the whole of their life ( Addis et al. , 2006 ; AARP, 1999 ; Nicolosi, Laumann and Glasser, 2004 ; Bacon et al. , 2003 ) . Some of these surveies nevertheless have relied on comparatively little sample sizes, and have utilized non-random sampling methods. Taking into consideration the above unfavorable judgments, Lindau et Al. ‘s ( 2007 ) survey examined the happening of sexual activity in sexually active participants and did non happen significantly lessening with old age. At the same clip, the degrees of reported sexual activity in respondents between 60 and 74 old ages old were comparable to the degrees reported by grownups from 18 to 59 old ages old, in a broad US study ( Laumann et al. , 1994 ) . Adults aged 65 old ages and over can retain an active and fulfilling sexual life throughout their old ages ( WHO, 2002 ) . Frequent sexual activity is normally reported after in-between age ( Janus and Janus, 2003 ) . In the study of the American Association of Retired Persons ( AARP, 1999 ) including 1384 aged persons, although sexual activity was reported as being enjoyable, no overarching understanding was reached as to the importance of sex toward keeping a good relationship. The research by AARP ( 1999 ) besides found that old grownups who have spouses tend to experience that a carry throughing sexual relationship is of import, as opposed to old grownups with no spouses. Men older than 75 were more likely to hold a partner or spouse and appeared to keep more favourable attitudes or more involvement towards sex than did adult females of the same age. Work force, whether they had a spouse or non, reported a higher frequence of ideas, feelings and phantasies related to sex than by and large did adult females. Steinke et Al. ‘s ( 2008 ) research with healthy aged people reported that the lesser wellness limitations of the aged helped them to retain their sexual activity throughout the class of their lives. Womans in their 3rd age normally demonstrate a larger decline of sexual activity with clip than make same-aged work forces ( Lindau et al. , 2007 ) . Harmonizing to the consequences of a transnational study of individuals 40 to 80 old ages of age ( Laumann, Paik and Glasser, 2006 ) , adult females tend to believe of sex as a less of import aspect of life than make work forces, and they besides tend to describe more absence of pleasance from it. The finding of the kineticss that are involved in sexual satisfaction are of peculiar importance here ( Carpenter, Nathanson and Kim, 2009 ) . Henderson-King and Veroff ( 1994 ) and Sprecher ( 2002 ) have found that sexual satisfaction enhances the person ‘s wellbeing, while it promotes the stableness of a matrimony and of other personal relationships. A better cognition of the factors that promote and lessen sexual satisfaction may assist in the development of better-suited clinical and policy intercessions against sexual jobs ( Bancroft, 2002 ) . As populations age, a sound apprehension of sexual activity in aged people is going more and more relevant ; people now enjoy longer and healthier lives, attitudes toward gender are being transformed and the importance of a fulfilling sexual life toward the attainment of personal felicity is being recognized ( Seidman, 1991 ; Calasanti & A ; Slevin, 2001 ) .Quality of lifeA figure of writers have suggested that physicians and policy- makers are going more and more aware of the importance of human gender for wellness and for good quality of life across the life span ( Lindau et al. , 2007 ; Satcher, 2001 ; WHO, 2002 ) . In his description of the cross-cultural survey of the World Health Organization, ‘Quality of Life/Older Adults ‘ ( including such subjects as liberty, activity, functionality, familiarity, relationships, socialisation, decease, and deceasing, Robinson ( 2007 ) states that gender, wellness position and personal relationships were all significantly related to quality of life. Many surveies have found that sexual activity bears a important relationship to length of service and positive wellness results ( Palmore, 1982 ; Davey Smith, Frankel and Yarnell, 1997 ; Onder et al. , 2003 ) .Sexual jobsSince the beginning of the twenty-first century new and considerable attending has been paid to the gender of the aged as a consequence of the creative activity of drugs that treat erectile disfunc tion. Male erectile disfunction, if treated efficaciously, can protract the active sex life of the aged of both genders throughout life ( Lindau, 2010 ) . As Cambois, Robine and Hayward ( 2001 ) point out, in many states sexual jobs comprise a major issue for aged people ; in the United States, about one in two 57 to 85 twelvemonth olds who are sexually active study that they have at least one sexual quandary, and one in three reference at least two such afflictions. Consequently, the bulk of the aged people in Lindau et Al. ‘s ( 2007 ) survey did describe teasing jobs of a sexual nature, and about one in four sexually active aged participants of both genders refrained from sexual intercourse as a consequence of a sexual job topic to curative intercession. During the passage to old age, alterations in physiology can impair the sexual reactivity of aged adult females and work forces, while they may impact, either negatively or positively, their sexual map ( Bachmann and Leiblum, 2004 ; Rosen et al. , 2005 ) . Different facets of gender had been found to hold a negative correlativity with hapless wellness and age ( Laumann et al. , 2005 ; Schover, 2000 ; Laumann, Paik and Rosen, 1999 ; Camacho and Reyes-Ortiz, 2005 ) . Isselbacher et Al. ( 1994 ) and Rosen et Al. ( 2005 ) province that jobs of a sexual nature may move as precursors or as epiphenomena to important infections or diseases such as diabetes or malignant neoplastic disease. Sexual jobs that go unnoticed and/or untreated may take to or co-occur with depression and societal backdown ( Nicolosi et al. , 2004 ; Morley and Tariq, 2003, Araujo et al. , 1998 ) . Medicine prescribed to the aged may hold an inauspicious consequence on sexual life ( Finger, Lund and Slagle, 1997 ) ; eve n medicine which treats sexual jobs may hold inauspicious wellness effects ( Lindau et al. , 2006 ; Gott, Hinchliff and Galena, 2004 ) . Steinke et Al. ( 2008 ) besides found that aged participants who were non active sexually showed a deterioration of sexual self-concept, self-efficacy, and satisfaction. In Konstam, Moser and De Jong ‘s ( 2005 ) research, a heightened self-efficacy was demonstrated to better on both sexual map and emotional operation, non excepting depression.Health and genderLindau et Al. ‘s ( 2007 ) survey found sexual activity to be positively related to the physical wellness of the aged, peculiarly in aged work forces. In general, healthy persons of all ages were more likely to prosecute in matrimonial or other intimate relationships and to be more sexually active. Furthermore, physical wellness was found to be related to different aspects of sexual map, every bit good as sexual jobs, irrespective of age ; similar findings have been reported by other research workers ( Laumann et al. , 1999 ; Bacon et al. , 2003 ) . It is advisable so that, when specific conditions apply, aged people who have wellness jobs or who are to have intervention which may act upon their sexual operation may necessitate to be evaluated based on their wellness position alternatively of their age ( Laumann et al. , 2005 ) . In a representative national analysis, Lindau ( 2010 ) assessed the relationship between gender, as measured per sexual activity and quality of sex life, and planetary self-reported physical wellness in mature and aged grownups. Lindau ( 2010 ) found that particularly for older adult females, self-rated wellness was closely related to holding a spouse. Overall, participants who were of really good or first-class physical wellness were approximately 1.7 times more likely to demo an involvement in sex than did participants of less than good wellness. As Lindau ( 2010 ) puts it, when compared to adult females, work forces tend to pass significantly more of their life being sexually active but, at the same clip, miss out on significantly more old ages of sexual activity as a effect of less than good wellness. This strong relationship between work forces ‘s wellness and expected continuance of a sexually active life may be partially attributable to chronic diseases but besides to intervention received for erectile disfunction ( Westlake et al. , 1999 ; Solomon, Man and Jackson, 2003 ; Burke et al. , 2007 ) . The United Nations ( 2007 ) have proposed that in the developed and developing states, a projection of people ‘s sexual activity as they become older can be utile in foretelling wellness demands and resources, sexual function-related services, the recovery from sexual disfunction due to illness, every bit good as the intervention for normally happening wellness conditions in the 3rd age. 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